aerosandbox.library.costs ========================= .. py:module:: aerosandbox.library.costs Attributes ---------- .. autoapisummary:: aerosandbox.library.costs.res Functions --------- .. autoapisummary:: aerosandbox.library.costs.modified_DAPCA_IV_production_cost_analysis aerosandbox.library.costs.electric_aircraft_direct_operating_cost_analysis Module Contents --------------- .. py:function:: modified_DAPCA_IV_production_cost_analysis(design_empty_weight, design_maximum_airspeed, n_airplanes_produced, n_engines_per_aircraft, cost_per_engine, cost_avionics_per_airplane, n_pax, cpi_relative_to_2012_dollars = 1.327, n_flight_test_aircraft = 4, is_cargo_airplane = False, primary_structure_material = 'aluminum', per_passenger_cost_model = 'general_aviation', engineering_wrap_rate_2012_dollars = 115.0, tooling_wrap_rate_2012_dollars = 118.0, quality_control_wrap_rate_2012_dollars = 108.0, manufacturing_wrap_rate_2012_dollars = 98.0) Computes the cost of an aircraft in present-day dollars, using the Modified DAPCA IV cost model. Be sure to adjust `cpi_relative_to_2012_dollars` to the current values in order to accurately model inflation. The DAPCA IV cost model is a statistical regression of historical aircraft cost data. It provides reasonable results for most classes of aircraft, including transports, fighters, bombers, and even GA and UAV aircraft with suitable adjustments. It was created by the RAND Corporation. The Modified DAPCA IV cost model is a modification of the DAPCA IV cost model that includes additional cost estimates for engine cost (as the original DAPCA model assumes that this is known). See Raymer, Aircraft Design: A Conceptual Approach, 5th Edition, Section 18.4.2 pg. 711 for more information. :param design_empty_weight: The design empty weight of the entire aircraft, in kg. :param design_maximum_airspeed: The design maximum airspeed of the aircraft, in m/s. :param n_airplanes_produced: The number of airplanes to be produced. :param n_engines_per_aircraft: The number of engines per aircraft. :param cost_per_engine: The cost of each engine, in present-day dollars. :param cost_avionics_per_airplane: The cost of avionics per airplane, in present-day dollars. :param n_pax: The number of passengers. :param cpi_relative_to_2012_dollars: The consumer price index at the present day divided by the consumer price index :param in 2012: To quickly find this, use data from the St. Louis Federal Reserve. Below is the CPI, normalized to 2012. https://fred.stlouisfed.org/graph/?g=10PU0 For example, in 2022, one would use 1.275. :param seasonally-adjusted.: To quickly find this, use data from the St. Louis Federal Reserve. Below is the CPI, normalized to 2012. https://fred.stlouisfed.org/graph/?g=10PU0 For example, in 2022, one would use 1.275. :param n_flight_test_aircraft: The number of flight test aircraft. Typically 2 to 6. :param is_cargo_airplane: Whether the airplane is a cargo airplane. If so, the quality control cost is lower. :param primary_structure_material: The primary structure material. Options are: - "aluminum" - "carbon_fiber" - "fiberglass" - "steel" - "titanium" :param per_passenger_cost_model: The per-passenger cost model. Options are: - "general_aviation": General aviation aircraft, such as Cessna 172s. - "jet_transport": Jet transport aircraft, such as Boeing 737s. - "regional_transport": Regional transport aircraft, such as Embraer E175s. :param engineering_wrap_rate_2012_dollars: The engineering wrap rate in 2012 dollars. :param tooling_wrap_rate_2012_dollars: The tooling wrap rate in 2012 dollars. :param quality_control_wrap_rate_2012_dollars: The quality control wrap rate in 2012 dollars. :param manufacturing_wrap_rate_2012_dollars: The manufacturing wrap rate in 2012 dollars. :returns: A dictionary of costs required to produce all `n_airplanes_produced` airplanes, in present-day dollars. Keys and values are as follows: - "engineering_labor": Engineering labor cost. - "tooling_labor": Tooling labor cost. - "manufacturing_labor": Manufacturing labor cost. - "quality_control_labor": Quality control labor cost. - "development_support": Development support cost. From Raymer: "Includes fabrication of mockups, iron-bird subsystem simulators, structural test articles, and other test articles." - "flight_test": Flight test cost. From Raymer: "Includes all costs incurred to demonstrate airworthiness for civil certification or Mil-Spec compliance except for the costs of the flight-test aircraft themselves. Costs for the flight-test aircraft are included in the total production-run cost estimation. Includes planning, instrumentation, flight operations, data reduction, and engineering and manufacturing support of flight testing." - "manufacturing_materials": Manufacturing materials cost. From Raymer: "Includes all raw materials and purchased hardware and equipment." - "engines": Engine cost. - "avionics": Avionics cost. - "total": Total cost. (Sum of all other costs above.) .. py:function:: electric_aircraft_direct_operating_cost_analysis(production_cost_per_airframe, nominal_cruise_airspeed, nominal_mission_range, battery_capacity, num_passengers_nominal, num_crew = 1, battery_fraction_used_on_nominal_mission = 0.8, typical_passenger_utilization = 0.8, flight_hours_per_year = 1200, airframe_lifetime_years = 20, airframe_eol_resale_value_fraction = 0.4, battery_cost_per_kWh_capacity = 500.0, battery_cycle_life = 1500, real_interest_rate = 0.04, electricity_cost_per_kWh = 0.145, annual_expenses_per_crew = 100000 * 1.5, ascent_time = 0.2 * u.hour, descent_time = 0.2 * u.hour) Estimates the overall operating cost of an electric aircraft. Includes both direct and indirect operating costs. Here, direct operating costs (DOC) are taken to include the following costs: - Airframe depreciation - Airframe financing - Insurance - Maintenance - Battery replacement - Energy costs (here, electricity) - Cockpit and cabin crew costs - Airport landing, terminal, and handling fees Any costs that are not included here are considered indirect costs. These indirect costs would include, but are not limited to: advertisement, administrative costs, depreciation of non-airframe assets, and taxes. Airframe maintenance costs are estimated from: Moore, et al., "Unlocking Low-Cost Regional Air Mobility through...", AIAA Aviation 2023. Airport fees estimated for the Phoenix-Mesa Gateway Airport, due to public availability of the fee schedule: https://www.gatewayairport.com/documents/documentlibrary/wgaa%20organizational%20documents/airport%20rates%20charges%20-%20effective%20march%201,%202017.pdf :param production_cost_per_airframe: The cost to produce a single airframe, in present-day dollars. May be estimated using the `modified_DAPCA_IV_production_cost_analysis()` function. :param nominal_cruise_airspeed: The nominal cruise airspeed of the aircraft, in m/s. :param nominal_mission_range: The nominal mission range of the aircraft, in meters. :param battery_capacity: The total capacity of the battery, in Joules. :param num_passengers_nominal: The number of passengers that the aircraft is designed to carry. :param num_crew: The number of crew members required to operate the aircraft. :param battery_fraction_used_on_nominal_mission: The fraction of the battery's capacity that is used on the nominal mission. :param typical_passenger_utilization: The fraction of the aircraft's passenger capacity that is typically utilized. :param flight_hours_per_year: The number of flight hours per year that the aircraft is expected to fly. :param airframe_lifetime_years: The number of years that the airframe is expected to last. After this time, the airframe is assumed to be sold at some lower reasle value. :param airframe_eol_resale_value_fraction: The expect resale value of the airframe at the end of its lifetime, expressed as a fraction of the airframe's production cost. :param battery_cost_per_kWh_capacity: The replacement cost of the battery pack, per kWh of capacity, in present-day dollars. Note that this is a pack-level cost (as opposed to cell-level), so includes the cost of the battery management system, cooling system, fire-suppressing foam, etc. Should include the labor cost to replace the battery pack as well. :param battery_cycle_life: The number of charge/discharge cycles that the battery is expected to last before full replacement is required. :param real_interest_rate: The real interest rate per year. This is the interest rate minus the inflation rate. This is used to calculate the present-day value of future costs (e.g., airframe financing). :param electricity_cost_per_kWh: The cost of electricity, per kWh, in present-day dollars. :param annual_expenses_per_crew: The annual expenses per crew member, in present-day dollars. Should include the total burdened cost of the crew member, including salary, benefits, and other expenses. :param ascent_time: The time required to ascend to cruise altitude, in seconds. :param descent_time: The time required to descend from cruise altitude, in seconds. :returns: * "airframe_depreciation" * "airframe_financing" * "insurance" * "airframe_maintenance" * "propulsion_maintenance" * "battery_replacement" * "energy" * "crew" * "airport_landing_fees" * "airport_terminal_fees" * "airport_parking_fees" * "airport_passenger_facility_charge" * "indirect" One key, "total", is also included, which is the sum of all of the above costs. Once again, this is expressed in units of present-day dollars per passenger-mile. :rtype: A dictionary of operating costs per passenger-mile, in present-day dollars, with the following keys .. py:data:: res